Plants extracts has been used in traditional medicine for many years. The use of them has the least side effects in comprison to the synthetic drugs. The aim of this study was investigation and comparision of biological active components of Quercus persica and Quercus ilex. Sampling was done from Quercus persica and Quercus ilex stands. The antibacterial activity was assayed against Psuodomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia and Eschechia coli in aqueous, ethanol, acetone and hexane extracts of leaves by means of agar diffusion method in nutrient agaar. Bacteria were incubated at 37°C and the inhibition zone was measured. Aquaous and hexane extracts did not show antibacterial activity but ethanol and acetone extracts of Quercus persica and acetone extracts of Quercus ilex had antibacterial activity. The inhibition zone for Klebsiella pneumonia Eschechia coli and Psuodomonas aeruginosa of ethanol and acetone extract of Quercus persica were 11, 10, and 14 mm and 8.5, 12 and 15 mm, respectively. The inhibition zone for acetone extract of Quercus ilex against Klebsiella pneumonia Eschechia coli and Psuodomonas aeruginosa were 10, 10 and 18 mm, respectively. Results indicate that some species such as Quercus that seem to be useless have many biologically active components. Comparison between two species shows that endemic species (Quercus persica) are more active than nonendemic species (Quercus ilex).

Drying characteristics of Quercus were determined experimentally as a function of temperature, air velocity, and variety (Quercus persica and Quercus Libani). In order to estimate and select a suitable drying curve, five different thin layer drying models were fitted to the experimental data. Experiments were performed at the air temperatures of 50, 60 and 70oC. At each temperature level, two air velocities were adjusted: 0.5 and 1m/s. The effect of air temperature was found to be significant in comparison to air velocity for drying of fresh Quercus fruits. Increasing air velocity at constant air temperature resulted in the decrease of drying time. Among all the selected drying models, the Page model was found as the best mathematical model for describing the drying kinetics of Quercus fruits. Based on the results, drying temperature of 70oC and air velocity of 1 m/s are the optimum values for drying Quercus fruit. Drying time and Page model constants were found to be dependent significantly on the variables studied.

To determine the height enhancement of Quercus brantii var. persica seedlings in the early growth stage, an experiment was performed in a randomized complete block design, with 4 replications, using eight gibberelic acid concentrations (0, 100, 300, 600, 900, 1200, 1500 and 1800 ppm). For every treatment in each replicate, 192 and totally 768 pots were used. The seedlings (from 4 to 6 leaf stages) were treated using gibberellic acid (GA3). Several parameters such as survival percentage, length and dry weight of roots and stems and number of leaves were measured five times during growth season. Results showed significant GA3 effects p<0.01 on stem length and dry weight. The highest stem length (36 cm) was observed at 1200 ppm of GA3 which was 3 times more than that of control (0 ppm). The highest root length and dry root weight were obtained at control level.

Background: Lately, consumption of natural preservatives to improve food products' shelf life has been the center of attention. Due to the approved health benefits of the oak fruit, its application in food industry as a preservative seems satisfying. Methods: Antimicrobial activity of the alcoholic extract of the oak fruit in concentrations of 200, 400, 600 and 800 mg/mL was investigated on Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae with well diffusion technique. In order to detect the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bacterial concentration (MBC), macro-dilution broth and subculturing on solid culture media techniques were used. Results: The most growth prevention and inhibitory effect was observed in S. aureus, S. cerevisiae, K. pneumoniae, S. typhi, and E. coli, respectively. The most and the least antimicrobial activity of the oak fruit extract were observed in S. aureus (MIC = 0. 15 mg/mL and MBC = 0. 313 mg/mL) and E. coli (MIC=2. 5 mg/mL and MBC=5 mg/mL), respectively. Conclusion: The alcoholic extract of Iranian oak fruit had antimicrobial activity, and its impact was more profound on gram-positive bacteria such as S. aureus and S. cerevisiae than gram-negative ones namely E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and S. typhi.

In order to investigate the effect of tree forms on characteristics of Quercus brantii, seeds of 60 trees (both tree forms: high and coppice trees) were collected and studied on north-facing slopes ranging from 1040 to 1960 m a.s.l in Gilane Gharb city, Iran. The results of analysis of variance showed that there is significant difference between two forms of trees regarding to number and weight of seed, unsound seed, canopy and height of trees. Analysis of correlation indicated that in high trees, 1000- seed weights had positive and significant correlation with number of seeds, weight of individual seeds, sound seeds, unsound seeds (p£%1), and with germination (p£%5). In coppice trees, 1000-seed weights had positive and significant correlation with individual seed weight, sound seeds (p£%1), and unsound seed (p£%5), but they had no correlation with seed number and seed germination. The results of ANOVA showed that the difference between two forms was significant other than individual seed weights and 1000-seed weights. Therefore it would be better to collect seeds from high trees, use the seeds of trees grown in the same elevation (considering other affecting conditions) and from different areas to prepare seeds for seedlings and afforestation.

Today there is great interest in using traditional medicine for ulcer healing has been increased.Quercus persica is used in Iranian traditional medicine to treat some gastric diseases. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the Quercus persica ethanolic extract for gastric ulcer healing in rats. Extracted from the skin of oak fruit soaked in 90% ethanol and extracts were measured by the rotary device. To determine the effect of this extract from Quercus persica, 56 wistar male rats divided into 2 groups; experimental and control (n=7). Gastric ulcers were induced by luminal application of 0.12 ml acetic acid solution (40% v/v). One day after ulcer induction, the experimental groups Ethanolic extract of Quercus persica at concentration 100 mg/kg w.b. and the control groups received 1 ml normal salin through oral gavage for few consecutive days. On days 1, 3, 5 and 7 rats were killed and wound samples were collected for histological and statistical studies. Results analysis by one way Anova demonstrated that ethanol extract of the fruit skin of Quercus persica at concentration 100 mg/kg w.b.significantly increased gastric ulcer area compared to control group and decreased ulcer healing.Also, inflammation cells such as neutrophil and macrophage in the third and fifth days in the experimental groups compared with control groups had significantly increased, which is prolonged inflammation stage. On the seventh day, in the experimental groups a significant reduction in the amount of fibroblast was seen that indicates the delay in wound healing and collagen-synthesis process. The current study showed significant increase of inflammation and decrease wound healing in rats treated with ethanol extract of the fruit skin of Quercus persica at concentration 100 mg/kg w.b. as compared to control group.

Effects of crown dieback intensity of Persian oak trees (Quercus brantii var. persica) on their leaf and branch physiological traits were monitored in drought affected Melah-Siah forest, Ilam province, Iran, during spring and summer seasons of 2013-2014. Oak trees were divided into 4 groups with 6 replicates based on the severity of crown dieback. Sampls were randomly taken on leaves and two-year old branches of oak trees in south aspect of tree crown. Several physiological traits including peroxidaz and catalaze enzymes, prolin, cholorophyll, carotenoid and leaf relative water content were studied. Results of crown dieback intensity effect on the studied traits showed that relative water content of declining trees was more than those of healthy trees. Prolin content of declining trees was more than those of healthy trees. Other studied traits did not show any significant changes among healthy and declining trees. Interaction effects of sampling year and season on the studied traits showed that branch peroxidase was at the highest level during spring 2014, lower during spring and summer 2013, and the least during summer 2014. Leaf catalaz was at the highest level during spring and summer 2013 and the least level during spring 2014. Branch catalaz was at the highest level during spring 2013 and at the lowest level during spring and summer 2014. Annual changes of cholorophyll b, total chlorophyll and RWC (from 2013 to 2014) were increasing, and for carotenoid, it was decreasing. Seasonal changes (from spring to summer) of cholorophyll a, carotenoid and RWC were positive, and for prolin, it was negative during the first year and positive during second year. It was concluded that variability of relative water content and prolin content in the declining trees was for stress reduction in tree body and transition from drought crisis, and non-significant changes of Photosynthetic pigments and enzymes is for continuing vital activities in its body.

Vegetation enhances the soil resistance against instability and erosion through increasing the soil cohesion. The main effect of vegetation in stability improvement is soil reinforcement by roots. The amount of reinforcement depends on distribution and strength of roots. The aim of this study was to assess the quantity of these two parameters of Persian oak roots and also comparing the tensile strength and reinforcement effect of roots in winter and summer seasons. Damage survey method was used to assess the distribution of roots. The diameters of all roots in trenches were measured by a digital caliper. Some root specimens were randomly selected from five tree samples and their tensile strengths were measured using a standard Instron. The range of root diameter and corresponding force and tensile strength were 0.1-5.5 mm, 1.3-411.3 N and 0.93-1217.39 MPa, respectively. Maximum and minimum root densities were in 0-10 and 50 cm soil horizons. The maximum reinforcement effect was belong to winter and 0-10 cm horizon. Minimum and maximum reinforcement effects for winter season were 0.0001 and 3.37 and 0.0004 and 2.87 MPa for summer.